PCI versus CABG - Superiority is in the heart of the angina sufferer

In the current issue of the NEJM, Serruys et al describe the results of a multicenter RCT comparing PCI with CABG for severe coronary artery disease: http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/360/10/961. The trial, which was designed by the [profiteering] makers of drug-coated stents, was a non-inferiority trial intended to show the non-inferiority (NOT the equivalence) of PCI (new treatment) to CABG (standard treatment). Alas, the authors appear to misunderstand the design and reporting of non-inferiority trials, and mistakenly declare CABG as superior to PCI as a result of this study. This error will be the subject of a forthcoming letter to the editor of the NEJM.

The findings of the study can be summarized as follows: compared to PCI, CABG led to a 5.6% reduction in the combined endpoint of death from any cause, stroke, myocardial infarction, or repeat vascularization (P=0.002). The caveats regarding non-inferiority trials notwithstanding, there are other reasons to call into question the interpretation that CABG is superior to PCI, and I will enumerate some of these below.

1.) The study used a ONE-SIDED 95% confidence interval - shame, shame, shame. See: http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/abstract/295/10/1152 .
2.) Table 1 is conspicuous for the absence of cost data. The post-procedural hospital stay was 6 days longer for CABG than PCI, and the procedural time was twice as long - both highly statistically and clinically significant. I recognize that it would be somewhat specious to provide means for cost because it was a multinational study and there would likely be substantial dispersion of cost among countries, but it seems like neglecting the data altogether is a glaring omission of a very important variable if we are to rationally compare these two procedures.
3.) Numbers needed to treat are mentioned in the text for variables such as death and myocardial infarction that were not individually statistically significant. This is misleading. The significance of the composite endpoint does not allow one to infer that the individual components are significant (they were not) and I don't think it's conventional to report NNTs for non-significant outcomes.
4.) Table 2 lists significant deficencies and discrepancies between pharmocological medical management at discharge which are inadequately explained as mentioned by the editorialist.
5.) Table 2 also demonstrates a five-fold increase in amiodarone use and a three-fold increase in warfarin use at discharge among patients in the CABG group. I infer this to represent an increase in the rate of atrial fibrillation in the CABG patients, but because the rates are not reported, I am kept wondering.
6.) Neurocognitive functioning and the incidence of defecits (if measured), known complications of bypass, are not reported.
7.) It is mentioned in the discussion that after consent, more patients randomized to CABG compared to PCI withdrew consent, a tacit admission of the wariness of patients to submit to this more invasive procedure.

In all, what this trial does for me is to remind me to be wary of an overly-simplistic interpretation of complex data and a tendency toward dichotimous thinking - superior versus inferior, good versus bad, etc.

One interpretation of the data is that a 3.4 hour bypass surgery and 9 days in the hospital !MIGHT! save you from an extra 1.7 hour PCI and another 3 days in the hospital on top of your initial committment of 1.7 hours of PCI and 3 days in the hospital if you wind up requiring revascularization, the primary [only] driver of the composite endpoint. And in payment for this dubiously useful exchange, you must submit to a ~2% increase in the risk of stroke, have a cracked chest, risk surgical wound infection (rate of which is also not reported) pay an unknown (but probably large) increased financial cost, risk some probably large increased risk of atrial fibrillation and therefore be discharged on amiodarone and coumadin with their high rates of side effects and drug-drug interactions, while coincidentally risk being discharged on inadequate medical pharmacological management.

Looked at from this perspective, one sees that beauty is truly in the eye of the beholder.