Hollow Hegemony: The Opportunity Costs of Overemphasizing Sepsis

Protocols are to make complex tasks simple, not simple tasks complex. - Scott K Aberegg

Yet here we find ourselves some 16 years after the inauguration of the Surviving Sepsis Campaign, and their influence continues to metastasize, even after the message has been hollowed out like a piece of fallen, old-growth timber.

Surviving sepsis was the brainchild of Eli Lilly, who, in the year after the ill-fated FDA approval of drotrecogin-alfa, worried that the drug would not sell well if clinicians did not have an increased awareness of sepsis. That aside, in those days, there were legitimate questions surrounding the adoption and implementation of several new therapies such as EGDT, corticosteroids for septic shock, Xigris for those with APACHE scores over 25, intensive insulin therapy, etc.

Those questions are mostly answered. Sepsis is now, quite simply, a complex of systemic manifestations of infection almost all of which will resolve with treatment of the infection and general supportive care. The concept of sepsis could vanish entirely, and nothing about the clinical care of the patient would change: an infection would be diagnosed, the cause/source identified and treated, and hemodynamics and laboratory dyscrasias supported meanwhile. There is nothing else to do (because lactic acidosis does not exist.)

But because of the hegemony of the sepsis juggernaut (the spawn of the almighty dollar), we are now threatened with a mandate to treat patients carrying the sepsis label (oftentimes assigned by a hospital coder after the fact) with antibiotics and a fluid bolus within one hour of triage in the ED. Based on what evidence?

Weak recommendation, "Best Practice Statement" and some strong recommendations based on low and moderate quality evidence.  So if we whittle it down to just moderate quality of evidence, what do we have?  Give antibiotics for infections, and give vasopressors if MAP less than 65.  But now we have to hurry up and do the whole kit and caboodle boiler plate style within 60 minutes?

Sepsis need not be treated any differently than a gastrointestinal hemorrhage, or for that matter, any other disease.  You make the diagnosis, determine and control the cause (source), give appropriate treatments, and support the physiology in the meantime, all while prioritizing the sickest patients.  But that counts for all diseases, not just sepsis, and there is only so much time in an hour.  When every little old lady with fever and a UTI suddenly rises atop the priorities of the physician, this creates an opportunity cost/loss for the poor bastard bleeding next door who doesn't have 2 large-bore IVs or a type and cross yet because grandma is being flogged with 2 liters of fluid, and in a hurry.  If only somebody had poured mega-bucks into increased recognition and swift treatment of GI bleeds....

Petition to retire the surviving sepsis campaign guidelines:

(Sign the Petition Here.)

Friends,

Concern regarding the Surviving Sepsis Campaign (SSC) guidelines dates back to their inception.  Guideline development was sponsored by Eli Lilly and Edwards Life Sciences as part of a commercial marketing campaign (1).  Throughout its history, the SSC has a track record of conflicts of interest, making strong recommendations based on weak evidence, and being poorly responsive to new evidence (2-6).

The original backbone of the guidelines was a single-center trial by Rivers defining a protocol for early goal-directed therapy (7).  Even after key elements of the Rivers protocol were disproven, the SSC continued to recommend them.  For example, SSC continued to recommend the use of central venous pressure and mixed venous oxygen saturation after the emergence of evidence that they were nonbeneficial (including the PROCESS and ARISE trials).  These interventions eventually fell out of favor, despite the slow response of SSC that delayed knowledge translation. 

SSC has been sponsored by Eli Lilly, manufacturer of Activated Protein C.  The guidelines continued recommending Activated Protein C until it was pulled from international markets in 2011.  For example, the 2008 Guidelines recommended this, despite ongoing controversy and the emergence of neutral trials at that time (8,9).  Notably, 11 of 24 guideline authors had financial conflicts of interest with Eli Lilly (10).

The Infectious Disease Society of America (IDSA) refused to endorse the SSC because of a suboptimal rating system and industry sponsorship (1).  The IDSA has enormous experience in treating infection and creating guidelines.  Septic patients deserve a set of guidelines that meet the IDSA standards.

Guidelines should summarize evidence and provide recommendations to clinicians.  Unfortunately, the SSC doesn’t seem to trust clinicians to exercise judgement.  The guidelines infantilize clinicians by prescribing a rigid set of bundles which mandate specific interventions within fixed time frames (example above)(10).  These recommendations are mostly arbitrary and unsupported by evidence (11,12).  Nonetheless, they have been adopted by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services as a core measure (SEP-1).  This pressures physicians to administer treatments despite their best medical judgment (e.g. fluid bolus for a patient with clinically obvious volume overload).

We have attempted to discuss these issues with the SSC in a variety of forums, ranging from personal communications to formal publications (13-15).  We have tried to illuminate deficiencies in the SSC bundles and the consequent SEP-1 core measures.  Our arguments have fallen on deaf ears. 

We have waited patiently for years in hopes that the guidelines would improve, but they have not.  The 2018 SSC update is actually worse than prior guidelines, requiring the initiation of antibiotics and 30 cc/kg fluid bolus within merely sixty minutes of emergency department triage (16).  These recommendations are arbitrary and dangerous.  They will likely cause hasty management decisions, inappropriate fluid administration, and indiscriminate use of broad-spectrum antibiotics.  We have been down this path before with other guidelines that required antibiotics for pneumonia within four hours, a recommendation that harmed patients and was eventually withdrawn (17).

It is increasingly clear that the SSC guidelines are an impediment to providing the best possible care to our septic patients.  The rigid framework mandated by SSC doesn’t help experienced clinicians provide tailored therapy to their patients.  Furthermore, the hegemony of these guidelines prevents other societies from developing better guidelines.

We are therefore petitioning for the retirement of the SSC guidelines.  In its place, we would call for the development of separate sepsis guidelines by the United States, Europe, ANZICS, and likely other locales as well.  There has been a monopoly on sepsis guidelines for too long, leading to stagnation and dogmatism.  We would hope that these new guidelines are written by collaborations of the appropriate professional societies, based on the highest evidentiary standards.  The existence of several competing sepsis guidelines could promote a diversity of opinions, regional adaptation, and flexible thinking about different approaches to sepsis. 

We are disseminating an international petition that will allow clinicians to express their displeasure and concern over these guidelines.  If you believe that our septic patients deserve more evidence-based guidelines, please stand with us.  

Sincerely,

Scott Aberegg MD MPH

Jennifer Beck-Esmay MD

Steven Carroll DO MEd

Joshua Farkas MD

Jon-Emile Kenny MD

Alex Koyfman MD

Michelle Lin MD

Brit Long MD

Manu Malbrain MD PhD

Paul Marik MD

Ken Milne MD

Justin Morgenstern MD

Segun Olusanya MD

Salim Rezaie MD

Philippe Rola MD

Manpreet Singh MD

Rory Speigel MD

Reuben Strayer MD

Anand Swaminathan MD

Adam Thomas MD
Lauren Westafer DO MPH

Scott Weingart MD

References

1. Eichacker PQ, Natanson C, Danner RL.  Surviving Sepsis – Practice guidelines, marketing campaigns, and Eli Lilly.  New England Journal of Medicine  2006; 16: 1640-1642.
2. Pepper DJ, Jaswal D, Sun J, Welsch J, Natanson C, Eichacker PQ.  Evidence underpinning the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services’ Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock Management Bundle (SEP-1): A systematic review.  Annals of Internal Medicine 2018; 168:  558-568. 
3. Finfer S.  The Surviving Sepsis Campaign:  Robust evaluation and high-quality primary research is still needed.  Intensive Care Medicine  2010; 36:  187-189.
4. Salluh JIF, Bozza PT, Bozza FA.  Surviving sepsis campaign:  A critical reappraisal.  Shock 2008; 30: 70-72. 
5. Eichacker PQ, Natanson C, Danner RL.  Separating practice guidelines from pharmaceutical marketing.  Critical Care Medicine 2007; 35:  2877-2878. 
6. Hicks P, Cooper DJ, Webb S, Myburgh J, Sppelt I, Peake S, Joyce C, Stephens D, Turner A, French C, Hart G, Jenkins I, Burrell A.  The Surviving Sepsis Campaign:  International guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock: 2008.  An assessment by the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Society.  Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2008; 36: 149-151.
7. Rivers ME et al.  Early goal-directed therapy in the treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock.  New England Journal of Medicine 2001; 345: 1368-1377.
8. Wenzel RP, Edmond MB.  Septic shock – Evaluating another failed treatment.  New England Journal of Medicine 2012; 366:  2122-2124.  
9. Savel RH, Munro CL.  Evidence-based backlash:  The tale of drotrecogin alfa.  American Journal of Critical Care  2012; 21: 81-83. 
10. Dellinger RP, Levy MM, Carlet JM et al.  Surviving sepsis campaign:  International guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock:  2008.  Intensive Care Medicine 2008; 34:  17-60. 
11. Allison MG, Schenkel SM.  SEP-1:  A sepsis measure in need of resuscitation?  Annals of Emergency Medicine 2018; 71: 18-20.
12. Barochia AV, Xizhong C, Eichacker PQ.  The Surviving Sepsis Campaign’s revised sepsis bundles.  Current Infectious Disease Reports 2013; 15:  385-393. 
13. Marik PE, Malbrain MLNG.  The SEP-1 quality mandate may be harmful: How to drown a patient with 30 ml per kg fluid!  Anesthesiology and Intensive Therapy 2017; 49(5) 323-328.
14. Faust JS, Weingart SD.  The past, present, and future of the centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services quality measure SEP-1:  The early management bundle for severe sepsis/septic shock.  Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America 2017; 35:  219-231.
15. Marik PE.  Surviving sepsis:  going beyond the guidelines.  Annals of Intensive Care 2011; 1: 17.
16. Levy MM, Evans LE, Rhodes A.  The surviving sepsis campaign bundle:  2018 update.  Intensive Care Medicine.  Electronic publication ahead of print, PMID 29675566.
17. Kanwar M, Brar N, Khatib R, Fakih MG.  Misdiagnosis of community-acquired pneumonia and inappropriate utilization of antibiotics: side effects of the 4-h antibiotic administration rule.  Chest 2007; 131: 1865-1869.

Cost: The neglected adverse event / side effect in trials of for-profit pharmaceuticals and devices

Amid press releases and conference calls today pertaining to the release of data on two trials of the investigational drug pirfenidone, one analyst's comments struck me as subtly profound. She was saying that in spite of conflicting data on and uncertainty about the efficacy of the drug (in the Capacity 1 and Capacity 2 trials - percent change in FVC [forced vital CAPACITY] at 72 weeks was the primary endpoint of the study) IPF is a deadly and desperate disease for which no effective treatments exist (save for lung transplantations if you're willing to consider that an effective treatment) and therefore any treatment with any positive effect however small and however uncertain should be given ample consideration, especially given the relative absense of side effects of pirfenidone in the Capacity trials.

And I thought to myself - "absense of side effects?" Here we have a drug that, over the course of about 1.5 years reduces the decline in FVC by about 60ccs (maybe - it did so in Capacity 2 but not in Capacity 1) but does not prolong survival or dyspnea scores or any other outcome that a patient may notice. So, I'm picturing an IPF patient traipsing off to the drugstore to purchase pirfenidone, a branded drug, and I'm imagining that the cash outlay might be perceived by such a patient as an adverse event, a side effect of sorts of using this questionably effective drug to prevent an intangible decline in FVC. The analyst's argument distilled to: "why not, there's no drawback to using it and there are no alternatives", but this utterly neglected the financial hardships that many patients endure when taking expensive branded drugs and ignored alternative ways that patients with IPF may spend their income to benefit their health or general well-being.

This perspective is even more poignant when we consider the cases of "me-too" drugs that add marginally to the benefits or side effect profiles of existing drugs, and which are often approved on the basis of a trial comparing them to placebo rather than existing generic alternatives. One of the last posts on this blog detailed the case of Aliskiren, and I am reminded of the trial of Tiotropium published in the NEJM in October, among many other entire classes of drugs such as the proton pump inhibitors, antidepressants, antihistamines, inhaled corticosteroids, antihypertensives, ACE-inhibitors for congestive heart failure, and the list goes on.

Given todays economy, soaring healthcare costs, and increasing financial burdens and co-pays shouldered by patients especially those of limited economic means or those hit hardest by economic downturns, we can no longer afford (pun intended) to ignore the financial costs of "me too" medications as adverse events of the use of these drugs when cheaper alternatives exist.

In terms of trial design, we should demand that new agents be compared to existing alternatives when those exist, and we need to develop a system for evaluating the results of a trial that does not neglect the full range of adverse effects experienced by patients as a result of using expensive branded drugs. Marginally "better" is not better at all if it costs ridiculously more, and the uncertainty relating to the efficacy of a drug must be accounted for in terms of its value to patients, especially when costly.

MRK and SGP: Ye shall know the truth, and the truth shall send thy stock spiralling

Apparently, the editors of the NEJM read my blog (even though they stop short of calling for a BOYCOTT):

"...it seems prudent to encourage patients whose LDL cholesterol levels remain elevated despite treatment with an optimal dose of a statin to redouble their efforts at dietary control and regular exercise. Niacin, fibrates, and resins should be considered when diet, exercise, and a statin have failed to achieve the target, with ezetimibe reserved for patients who cannot tolerate these agents."

Sound familiar?

The full editorial can be seen here: http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/NEJMe0801842
along with a number of other early-release articles on the subject.

The ENHANCE data are also published online (http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/NEJMoa0800742
and there's really nothing new to report. We have known the results for several months now. What is new is doctors' nascent realization that they have been misled and bamboozled by the drug reps, Big Pharma, and their own long-standing, almost religious faith in surrogate endpoints (see post below). It's like you have to go through the stages of grief (Kubler-Ross) before you give up on your long-cherished notions of reality (denial, anger, bargaining, then, finally, acceptance). Amazingly, the ACC, whose statement just months ago appeared to be intended to allay patients' and doctors' concerns about Zetia, has done a apparent 180 on the drug: "Go back to Statins" is now their sanctimonious advice: http://acc08.acc.org/SSN/Documents/ACC%20D3LR.pdf

I was briefly at the ACC meeting yesterday (although I did not pay the $900 fee to attend the sessions). The Big Pharma marketing presence was nauseating. A Lipitor-emblazoned bag was given to each attendee. A Lipitor laynard was used to hold your $900 ID badge. Busses throughout the city were emblazoned with Vytorin and Lipitor advertisements among others. Banners covered numerous floors of the facades of city buildings. The "exhibition hall," a veritable orgy of marketing madness, was jam-packed with the most aesthetically pleasing and best-dressed salespersons with their catchy displays and gimmicks. (Did you know that abnormal "vascular reactivity" is a heretofore unknown "risk factor"? And that with a little $20,000 device that they can sell you (which you can probably bill for), you can detect said abnormal vascular reactivity.) The distinction between science, reality, and marketing is blurred imperceptibly if it exists at all. Physicians from all over the world greedily scramble for free pens, bags, and umbrellas (as if they cannot afford such trinkets on their own - or was it the $900 entrance fee that squeezed their pocketbooks?) They can be seen throughout the convention center with armloads of Big Pharma propaganda packages: flashlights, laser pointers, free orange juice and the like.

I just wonder: How much money does the ACC receive from these companies (for this Big Pharma Bonanza and for other "activities")? If my guess is in the right ballpark, I don't have to wonder why the ACC hedged in its statement when the ENHANCE data were released in January. I think I might have an idea.